{"id":17,"date":"2021-08-12T16:22:47","date_gmt":"2021-08-12T16:22:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/?page_id=17"},"modified":"2021-08-28T08:34:06","modified_gmt":"2021-08-28T08:34:06","slug":"andre-opgaver","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/index.php\/andre-opgaver\/","title":{"rendered":"Andre opgaver"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Opgave 1. Hvor ligger, hvad skete?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li>Hvor ligger f\u00f8lgende byer, regioner og andet?<\/li><li>Hvad skete i dem under arabernes erobringer 630-750?<\/li><\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Ahwas<\/li><li>Ain Shams<\/li><li>Alexandria<\/li><li>Anatolien<\/li><li>Andalusien<\/li><li>Antiokia<\/li><li>Autun<\/li><li>Avignon<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Badr<\/li><li>Bagdad<\/li><li>Bahnasa<\/li><li>Balkh<\/li><li>Barcelona<\/li><li>Barqa<\/li><li>Basra<\/li><li>Brahmanabad<\/li><li>Bukhara<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">III.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Caesarea<\/li><li>Carcassonne<\/li><li>Cordoba<\/li><li>Covadonga<\/li><li>Ctesiphon<\/li><li>Damaskus<\/li><li>Daybul<\/li><li>Daylam<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Ecija<\/li><li>Edessa<\/li><li>Farama<\/li><li>Fars<\/li><li>Fayyum<\/li><li>Fustat<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Ghadames<\/li><li>Girona<\/li><li>Granada<\/li><li>Gundeshapur<\/li><li>Gurgan<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Hellmand<\/li><li>Herat<\/li><li>Hims<\/li><li>Hira<\/li><li>Hiyaz<\/li><li>Homs<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VII.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Isfahan<\/li><li>Istakhr<\/li><li>Jalula<\/li><li>Jerusalem<\/li><li>Jundayshapur<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VIII.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Kabul<\/li><li>Kairouan<\/li><li>Kalchedon<\/li><li>Kandahar<\/li><li>Karbala<\/li><li>Khaybar<\/li><li>Kish<\/li><li>Kufa<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">IX.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Leptis Magna<\/li><li>Lyon<\/li><li>Medina<\/li><li>Medina Sidonia<\/li><li>Mekka<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">X.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>M\u00e9rida<\/li><li>Merv<\/li><li>Moussais la Bataille<\/li><li>Multan<\/li><li>Murcia<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Narbonne<\/li><li>Nikiu<\/li><li>Nik\u00e6a<\/li><li>Nimes<\/li><li>Nishapur<\/li><li>Nisibis<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XII.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Orihuela<\/li><li>Paykand<\/li><li>Penjikent<\/li><li>Persepolis<\/li><li>Picos de Europa<\/li><li>Poitiers<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> XIII. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Qadisiyya<\/li><li>Rayy<\/li><li>Roar<\/li><li>Samarkand<\/li><li>Sbeitla<\/li><li>Sevilla<\/li><li>Shushtar<\/li><li>Susa<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XIV. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Tanger<\/li><li>Toledo<\/li><li>Toulouse<\/li><li>Tripoli<\/li><li>Tustar<\/li><li>Uhud<\/li><li>Umm Dynayn<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">XV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Viborg<\/li><li>Volubilis<\/li><li>Yarmuk<\/li><li>Yemen<\/li><li>Zaragoza<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull is-style-twentytwentyone-separator-thick\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opgave 2. <strong>Hvorfor gennemf\u00f8rtes arabernes erobringer s\u00e5 hurtigt?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u00d8velse i \u201dhistoriens drivkr\u00e6fter\u201d.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Den britiske historiker Hugh Kennedy opridser i <em>The Great Arab Conquests. How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In<\/em> (2007) s. 366-376 en r\u00e6kke <a>\u00e5rsager til, at araberne hurtigt kunne erobre vidtstrakte landomr\u00e5der. Det skal understreges, at det er mig, der \u201dkoger\u201d Kennedys \u00e5rsager ind til 16 \u00e5rsager.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li>Det Byzantinske Rige og Sasanidernes Rige ramtes i 540 af et voldsomt pestudbrud efterfulgt af en lige s\u00e5 voldsom befolkningsnedgang. Det lettede de arabiske h\u00e6res erobring af hele Det Sasanidiske Rige og store bidder af Det \u00d8stromerske Imperium fra 630\u2019erne. &nbsp;<\/li><li>Krige mellem Det \u00d8stromerske Rige og sasanidernes Persien fra 602 sled begge imperier op.<\/li><li>Heraklius\u2019 d\u00f8d i 641 satte gang i en magtkamp i den byzantinske ledelse; samtidig p\u00e5gik der en magtkamp i Irans kejserlige familie.<\/li><li>Som f\u00f8lge af begge storrigers sv\u00e6kkelse prioriterede begge riger det milit\u00e6re forsvar af deres gr\u00e6nseegne lavt. Det Byzantinske Rige havde tidligere f\u00e5et hj\u00e6lp af ghassaniderne, kristne arabere, til at forsvare deres \u00f8rkengr\u00e6nse, mens sasaniderne havde f\u00e5et hj\u00e6lp af lakhmiderne, andre kristne arabere, til at forsvare deres \u00f8rkengr\u00e6nse. Begge riger slog dog h\u00e5nden af dem til fordel for en st\u00e5ende h\u00e6r.<\/li><li>Ingen af storrigerne forestillede sig, at araberne kunne blive en trussel.<\/li><li>Interne sp\u00e6ndinger mellem kristne grupperinger i det Byzantinske Rige.<\/li><li>De arabiske nomaders traditionelle loyalitet mod klan og sl\u00e6gtninge og erobrere opt\u00e6ndt af den ny religions \u201dhellige ild\u201d og l\u00f8fter om martyrium og paradis var en frygtindgydende cocktail.<\/li><li>De arabisk-muslimske h\u00e6re var overordentlig mobile, og deres tropper, beduinerne, var vant til at leve fra h\u00e5nden til munden og kunne bev\u00e6ge sig og sl\u00e5s om natten. De kunne tr\u00e6kke sig tilbage til \u00f8rkenen og s\u00f8ge tilflugt og regruppere sig i den efter nederlag, og de kunne starte overraskelsesangreb fra den.<\/li><li>De troendes h\u00e6re anf\u00f8rtes af dygtige h\u00e6rf\u00f8rere \u2013 Khalid, Amr, Yazid, Muawiya m.fl.<\/li><li>Amir al-mu\u2019minin, leder (eller h\u00e6rf\u00f8rer) for de troende, styrede erobringerne fra Medina; der er f\u00e5 eksempler p\u00e5, at h\u00e6rf\u00f8rerne ikke adl\u00f8d Medinas ordrer.<\/li><li>De overvundne folk blev oftest behandlet mildt af de arabiske erobrere. F\u00f8rst fra slutningen af 600-tallet beretter kilderne om modstand mod skatteinddrivelsen.<\/li><li>Erobrerne bosatte sig prim\u00e6rt i egne bydele, hvorved de undgik sammenst\u00f8d med de besejrede.<\/li><li>Der er f\u00e5 eksempler p\u00e5 tvungne omvendelser til de troende. De fleste omvendte sig for at slippe for jizya. Andre gjorde det af overbevisning, fordi Muhammeds religi\u00f8se forestillinger havde ber\u00f8ringspunkter med j\u00f8de- og kristendom.<\/li><li>Det gav fordele at v\u00e6re muslim.<\/li><li>Arabernes st\u00e6rke kulturelle selvtillid tiltrak; Gud havde jo talt til dem gennem sine \u00e5benbaringer til Muhammed.<\/li><li>Ikke desto mindre var erobringerne optakt til omvendelserne. Omkring \u00e5r 1.000 var flertallet af befolkningerne i de omr\u00e5der, der var blevet erobret frem til 750, muslimer. Uden erobringerne ville islam ikke v\u00e6re blevet den dominerende religion i disse lande.<br><br>Kun for overskuelighedens skyld er \u00e5rsagerne opstillet i n\u00e6vnte r\u00e6kkef\u00f8lge. R\u00e6kkef\u00f8lgen er alts\u00e5 ikke udtryk for historisk v\u00e6sentlighed og \u00e5rsag 1 dermed ikke n\u00f8dvendigvis vigtigste \u00e5rsag til, at araberne s\u00e5 hurtigt kunne erobre store omr\u00e5der.&nbsp;For en god ordens skyld skal det understreges, det er ikke Kennedy, der opererer med 16 \u00e5rsager, men mig der, der f\u00e5r dem til 16.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li>V\u00e6gt for dig selv eller sammen med sidemanden eller gruppen Kennedys \u00e5rsager til arabernes hurtige erobringer efter v\u00e6sentlighed. Brug de store bogstaver A, B, C, osv., s\u00e5 A. s\u00e6ttes ved v\u00e6sentligste \u00e5rsag, B. ved n\u00e6st vigtigste \u00e5rsag, C. ved &#8230; .<\/li><li>Inddel de 16 \u00e5rsager i de kategorier, der er n\u00e6vnt i afsnittet &#8220;Hvad er historiens drivkraft?&#8221; s. 10-12 i Henrik Bonne Larsen og Thorkil Smitts <em>Introduktion til Historie<\/em> (2005).<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull is-style-twentytwentyone-separator-thick\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opgave 3. <strong>Kaliffer og regerings\u00e5r<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lav en liste over kaliffer <a>og deres regerings\u00e5r <\/a>fra og med den f\u00f8rste kalif, Abd al-Malik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opgaven l\u00f8ses ved brug af <em>De arabiske erobringer 630-750 og islams<\/em> <em>tilblivelse<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abd al-Malik \u2013 &#8230;-&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignfull is-style-twentytwentyone-separator-thick\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opgave 4. <strong>Tre centrale byer \u2013 hvem levede i dem?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li>Not\u00e9r navnene p\u00e5 tre centrale byer, som araberne indtog i hver af de otte erobrede omr\u00e5der &#8211; Syrien, Irak og Khuzistan, Egypten, Iran, Nordafrika, Spanien, Transoxanien og Sind.<\/li><li>Hvem levede i disse byer \u2013 etnisk, sprogligt, religi\u00f8st, kulturelt, politisk, socio\u00f8konomisk, erhvervsm\u00e6ssigt, statusm\u00e6ssigt og andet?<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opgaven l\u00f8ses ved brug af <em>De arabiske erobringer 630-750 og islams<\/em> <em>tilblivelse<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Opgave 1. Hvor ligger, hvad skete? Hvor ligger f\u00f8lgende byer, regioner og andet? Hvad skete i dem under arabernes erobringer 630-750? I. Ahwas Ain Shams Alexandria Anatolien Andalusien Antiokia Autun Avignon II. Badr Bagdad Bahnasa Balkh Barcelona Barqa Basra Brahmanabad Bukhara III. Caesarea Carcassonne Cordoba Covadonga Ctesiphon Damaskus Daybul Daylam IV. Ecija Edessa Farama Fars&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/index.php\/andre-opgaver\/\">L\u00e6s mere <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Andre opgaver<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":474,"href":"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17\/revisions\/474"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/de-arabiske-erobringer.dk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}